Gejala dan Tanda Kanker Payudara

Wanita dengan kanker payudara, bisa jadi mengalami gejala-gejala berikut. Kadang meskipun di tubuhnya telah tumbuh kanker dia tidak merasakan gejala apapun. Atau bisa juga ditubuhnya menunjukkan gejala tersebut tetapi bukan karena kanker payudara, tapi akibat kondisi medis lain. Apabila seorang wanita mempunyai gejala dibawah ini dan merasa sangat khawatir,sebaiknya segera ke dokter.

Adapun tanda-tanda atau gejalanya antara lain :

1. Ada benjolan yang keras di payudara
Bentuk puting berubah ( bisa masuk kedalam, atau terasa sakit terus-menerus), mengeluarkan cairan / darah
2. Ada perubahan pada kulit payudara diantaranya berkerut, iritasi, seperti kulit jeruk
3. adanya benjolan-benjolan kecil
4. Ada luka dipayudara yang sulit sembuh
5. Payudara terasa panas, memerah dan bengkak
6. Terasa sakit / nyeri ( bisa juga ini bukan sakit karena kanker, tapi tetap harus diwaspadai )
7. Terasa sangat gatal didaerah sekitar puting
8. Benjolan yang keras itu tidak bergerak ( terfiksasi ). dan biasanya pada awal-awalnya tidak terasa sakit
9. Apabila benjolan itu kanker, awalnya biasanya hanya pada 1 payudara
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Kanker Payudara

Kanker payudara adalah tumor ganas yang tumbuh di dalam jaringan payudara. Kanker bisa mulai tumbuh di dalam kelenjar susu, saluran susu, jaringan lemak maupun jaringan ikat pada payudara.

Penyebab
Penyebabnya tidak diketahui, tetapi ada beberapa faktor risiko yang menyebabkan seorang wanita menjadi lebih mungkin menderita kanker payudara.

Faktor Risiko
Beberapa faktor risiko yang berpengaruh adalah :

1. Usia. Sekitar 60% kanker payudara terjadi pada usia diatas 60 tahun. Risiko terbesar ditemukan pada wanita berusia diatas 75 tahun.
2. Pernah menderita kanker payudara.
3. Setelah payudara yang terkena diangkat, maka risiko terjadinya kanker pada payudara yang sehat meningkat sebesar 0,5-1%/tahun.
4. Riwayat keluarga yang menderita kanker payudara.
5. Wanita yang ibu, saudara perempuan atau anaknya menderita kanker, memiliki risiko 3 kali lebih besar untuk menderita kanker payudara.
6. Faktor genetik dan hormonal. Pernah menderita penyakit payudara non-kanker.
7. Menarke (menstruasi pertama) sebelum usia 12 tahun, menopause setelah usia 55 tahun, kehamilan pertama setelah usia 30 tahun atau belum pernah hamil.
8. Pemakaian pil kb atau terapi sulih estrogen.
9. Obesitas pasca menopause.
10. Pemakaian alkohol. Pemakaian alkohol lebih dari 1-2 gelas/hari bisa meningkatkan risiko terjadinya kanker payudara.
11. Bahan kimia. Beberapa penelitian telah menyebutkan pemaparan bahan kimia yang menyerupai estrogen (yang terdapat di dalam pestisida dan produk industri lainnya) mungkin meningkatkan risiko terjadinya kanker payudara.
12. DES (dietilstilbestrol). Wanita yang mengkonsumsi DES untuk mencegah keguguran memiliki risiko tinggi menderita kanker payudara.
13. Penyinaran.

Gejala dan Tanda
Gejala awal berupa sebuah benjolan yang biasanya dirasakan berbeda dari jaringan payudara di sekitarnya, tidak menimbulkan nyeri dan biasanya memiliki pinggiran yang tidak teratur.

Pada stadium awal, jika didorong oleh jari tangan, benjolan bisa digerakkan dengan mudah di bawah kulit. Pada stadium lanjut, benjolan biasanya melekat pada dinding dada atau kulit di sekitarnya. Pada kanker stadium lanjut, bisa terbentuk benjolan yang membengkak atau borok di kulit payudara. Kadang kulit diatas benjolan mengkerut dan tampak seperti kulit jeruk.

Gejala lainnya yang mungkin ditemukan adalah benjolan atau massa di ketiak, perubahan ukuran atau bentuk payudara, keluar cairan yang abnormal dari puting susu (biasanya berdarah atau berwarna kuning sampai hijau, mungkin juga bernanah), perubahan pada warna atau tekstur kulit pada payudara, puting susu maupun areola (daerah berwana coklat tua di sekeliling puting susu), payudara tampak kemerahan, kulit di sekitar puting susu bersisik, puting susu tertarik ke dalam atau terasa gatal, nyeri payudara atau pembengkakan salah satu payudara. Pada stadium lanjut bisa timbul nyeri tulang, penurunan berat badan, pembengkakan lengan atau ulserasi kulit.

Pencegahan
Banyak faktor risiko yang tidak dapat dikendalikan. Beberapa ahli diet dan ahli kanker percaya bahwa perubahan diet dan gaya hidup secara umum bisa mengurangi angka kejadian kanker.

Diusahakan untuk melakukan diagnosis dini karena kanker payudara lebih mudah diobati dan bisa disembuhan jika masih pada stadium dini.

Sadari, pemeriksan payudara secara klinis dan mammografi sebagai prosedur penyaringan merupakan 3 alat untuk mendeteksi kanker secara dini.

Penatalaksanaan
Biasanya pengobatan dimulai setelah dilakukan penilaian secara menyeluruh terhadap kondisi penderita, yaitu sekitar 1 minggu atau lebih setelah biopsi. Pengobatannya terdiri dari pembedahan, terapi penyinaran, kemoterapi dan obat penghambat hormon.

Terapi penyinaran digunakan untuk membunuh sel-sel kanker di tempat pengangkatan tumor dan daerah sekitarnya, termasuk kelenjar getah bening.

Kemoterapi (kombinasi obat-obatan untuk membunuh sel-sel yang berkembangbiak dengan cepat atau menekan perkembangbiakannya) dan obat-obat penghambat hormon (obat yang mempengaruhi kerja hormon yang menyokong pertumbuhan sel kanker) digunakan untuk menekan pertumbuhan sel kanker di seluruh tubuh.

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How to Prevent Head and Neck Cancer

As we live so we make ourselves amenable to continous disease attacks, some of whic curable we tend to care less than those for which there is no proven therapies. Cancer is one of the disease that instills a sense of fear in us as it over and above is termed as an incurable disease. No medical therapies found out for it. But still the health doctors tell us that attack of cancer is not at all a death sentense. Though in curable it can be checked, prevvented if detected early. Among various cancers Head and Neck Cancer seems to be most common cancer that claims a heavy toll every year. Aout 20,000 persons each year die in US alone. As most other cancers Head and Neck Cancer associates with some of the envirnmental and behavioural factors like smoking and chewing tobocco, consumption of alcohol and certain strains of the sexually tansmitted human papillomavirus. Head and Neck Cancer refers to a group of cancers originating in the upper respiratiory and upper digestive tract, the lip, oral cavity(mouth) nasal cavity, paranasal sinuses, pharynx, and larynx.
As there is no therapies to cure it one has to immune oneself by preventing some of the risk factors like consumption of alcohol, smoking etc and practicing some of the protective practices like regular excercise and a healthy diet.

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How to Prevent Anal Cancer

Risk Factors for Anal Cancer

1. smoking cigarettes
2. infection with the HPV virus
3. receiving anal intercourse
4. abnormal openings in or around the anus (fistulas)
5. having multiple sexual partners
6. being over 50 years of age
7. anal swelling, redness or soreness that occurs frequently

Anal Cancer Prevention Tips

• Always use a condom. Wearing a condom may provide protection against HPV. HPV is a virus transmitted through sexual contact that is linked to several types of cancer.
• Limit the amount of sexual partners you have. When a person has multiple sexual partners, they are at an increased risk for both HPV and anal cancer.
• Avoid anal intercourse. Anal intercourse increases the risk factor for anal cancer for both men and women.
• Quit smoking. According to the American Cancer Society, smokers are 4 times more likely to develop anal cancer than non-smokers. Smoking puts you at a higher risk for many other types of cancer like lung cancer.

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How to Reduce Your Risk of Cervical Cancer

1. Get a regular Pap smear. The Pap smear can be the greatest defenses for cervical cancer. The Pap smear can detect cervical changes early before they turn into cancer. Check cervical cancer screening guidelines to find out how often you should have a Pap smear, or check with your doctor.
2. Limit the amount of sexual partners you have. Studies have shown women who have many sexual partners increase their risk for cervical cancer. They also are increasing their risk of developing HPV, a known cause for cervical cancer.
3. Quit smoking or avoid secondhand smoke. Smoking cigarettes increases your risk of developing many cancers, including cervical cancer. Smoking combined with an HPV infection can actually accelerate cervical dysplasia. Your best bet is to kick the habit.
4. If you are sexually active, use a condom. Having unprotected sex puts you at risk for HIV and other STD's which can increase your risk factor for developing cervical cancer.
5. Follow up on abnormal Pap smears. If you have had an abnormal Pap smear, it is important to follow up with regular Pap smears or colposcopies, whatever your doctor has decided for you. If you have been treated for cervical dysplasia, you still need to follow up with Pap smears or colposcopies. Dysplasia can return and when undetected, can turn into cervical cancer.
6. Get the HPV vaccine. If you are under 27, you may be eligible to receive the HPV vaccine, which prevents high risk strains of HPV in women. The HPV vaccine, Gardasil, was approved by the FDA to give to young girls as young as 9. The vaccine is most effective when given to young women before they become sexually active.

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How to Prevent a Genital Warts Outbreak

Warts are stubborn skin growth that could annoy you for years. It has the tendency to come back and they are also contagious. It can spread from one part of the body to other parts like the genitals and it can also spread from one person to another. This skin growth is caused by Human Papilloma Virus (HPV) and the virus lies dormant in the body and just waiting for the right trigger to flare up. Millions of people are affected by HPV and around 50% sexually active people are infected by the virus at some point in their lives. So it is important to know how to prevent genital warts outbreak.

Genital warts outbreak may appear as skin growth or bumps in clusters. They are sometimes flat and sometimes raised skin growth that appears around the vagina, on the penis and anus. They may go away after sometime but they have the tendency to comeback. If left untreated, you may suffer from frequent genital outbreak because the virus is still there waiting for the right trigger for another outbreak.

It is recommended to seek medical advice once you suspected that you are infected by the virus for you to know how to deal with genital warts outbreak.

Here are some ways to prevent HPV and genital warts outbreak:

Vaccine for HPV that causes cervical cancer and genital warts outbreak for women is now available. This is recommended for girls from 11 years old or before they become sexually active. Those sexually active women can still benefit from this vaccine to prevent them from getting other types of HPV.

Stay in monogamous relationship. Sexually active people who have different partners are highly at risk to get the virus. To prevent genital warts outbreak, be monogamous as much as possible. Staying with a faithful partner who is not yet infected by the virus is safer.

Boost your immune system. People with weak immune system are more likely to catch the virus because they have weak anti-bodies to fight the virus. If you are healthy and strong, occurrence of genital warts is less frequent or it may not occur again.

Practice safe sex. Use protection like condoms but you have to know that condoms provide limited protection and the virus can be transmitted through intercourse or oral sex. As much as possible do not engage in sexual contact with a person with visible genital warts outbreak. If you are the one infected by warts, abstain from sexual contact until the warts or infection is cured.

Genital warts outbreak is a very annoying and embarrassing disease. If you are suffering from recurring genital warts outbreak and you have tried almost everything but still unsuccessful, natural remedies is another option.

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Cervical cancer

Cervical cancer is malignant neoplasm of the cervix uteri or cervical area. It may present with vaginal bleeding but symptoms may be absent until the cancer is in its advanced stages.Treatment consists of surgery (including local excision) in early stages and chemotherapy and radiotherapy in advanced stages of the disease.

Pap smear screening can identify potentially precancerous changes. Treatment of high grade changes can prevent the development of cancer. In developed countries, the widespread use of cervical screening programs has reduced the incidence of invasive cervical cancer by 50% or more.
Human papillomavirus (HPV) infection is a necessary factor in the development of nearly all cases of cervical cancer.HPV vaccine effective against the two strains of HPV that cause the most cervical cancer has been licensed in the U.S. and the EU. These two HPV strains together are currently responsible for approximately 70%[3][4] of all cervical cancers. Since the vaccine only covers some high-risk types, women should seek regular Pap smear screening, even after vaccination.

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Genital Warts (HPV)

Genital warts, sometimes referred to as condyloma acuminata, are flesh-colored or gray growths found in the genital area and anal region of both men and women. They represent the most common sexually-transmitted disease caused by a virus. The warts are caused by the human papillomavirus (HPV). Infection with genital warts may not be obvious.

Genital warts affect both men and women and can occur at any age.

Most patients with genital warts are between the ages of 17-33 years. Genital warts are highly contagious. There is a 60% risk of getting the infection from a single sexual contact with someone who has genital warts.

In children younger than three years, genital warts are thought to be transmitted by nonsexual methods such as direct manual contact. Nevertheless, the presence of genital warts in children should raise the suspicion for sexual abuse.

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What is genital HPV infection?

Genital human papillomavirus (also called HPV) is the most common sexually transmitted infection (STI). There are more than 40 HPV types that can infect the genital areas of males and females. These HPV types can also infect the mouth and throat. Most people who become infected with HPV do not even know they have it.

HPV is not the same as herpes or HIV (the virus that causes AIDS). These are all viruses that can be passed on during sex, but they cause different symptoms and health problems.

What are the signs, symptoms and potential health problems of HPV?

Most people with HPV do not develop symptoms or health problems from it. In 90% of cases, the body’s immune system clears HPV naturally within two years.

• But sometimes, certain types of HPV can cause genital warts in males and females. Rarely, these types can also cause warts in the throat -- a condition called recurrent respiratory papillomatosis or RRP.
• Other HPV types can cause cervical cancer. These types can also cause other, less common but serious cancers, including cancers of the vulva, vagina, penis, anus, and head and neck (tongue, tonsils and throat).

The types of HPV that can cause genital warts are not the same as the types that can cause cancer. There is no way to know which people who get HPV will go on to develop cancer or other health problems.

Signs and symptoms of HPV-related problems:

Genital warts usually appear as a small bump or groups of bumps in the genital area. They can be small or large, raised or flat, or shaped like a cauliflower. Health care providers can diagnose warts by looking at the genital area during an office visit. Warts can appear within weeks or months after sexual contact with an infected partner—even if the infected partner has no signs of genital warts. If left untreated, genital warts might go away, remain unchanged, or increase in size or number. They will not turn into cancer.

Cervical cancer usually does not have symptoms until it is quite advanced. For this reason, it is important for women to get regular screening for cervical cancer. Screening tests can find early signs of disease so that problems can be treated early, before they ever turn into cancer.

Other HPV-related cancers might not have signs or symptoms until they are advanced and hard to treat. These include cancers of the vulva, vagina, penis, anus, and head and neck. For signs and symptoms of these cancers, see www.cancer.gov.

RRP causes warts to grow in the throat. It can sometimes block the airway, causing a hoarse voice or troubled breathing.

How do people get HPV?

HPV is passed on through genital contact, most often during vaginal and anal sex. HPV may also be passed on during oral sex and genital-to-genital contact. HPV can be passed on between straight and same-sex partners—even when the infected partner has no signs or symptoms.

A person can have HPV even if years have passed since he or she had sexual contact with an infected person. Most infected persons do not realize they are infected or that they are passing the virus on to a sex partner. It is also possible to get more than one type of HPV.

Very rarely, a pregnant woman with genital HPV can pass HPV to her baby during delivery. In these cases, the child can develop RRP.

How does HPV cause genital warts and cancer?

HPV can cause normal cells on infected skin to turn abnormal. Most of the time, you cannot see or feel these cell changes. In most cases, the body fights off HPV naturally and the infected cells then go back to normal. But in cases when the body does not fight off HPV, HPV can cause visible changes in the form of genital warts or cancer. Warts can appear within weeks or months after getting HPV. Cancer often takes years to develop after getting HPV.

How common are HPV and related diseases?

HPV (the virus). Approximately 20 million Americans are currently infected with HPV. Another 6 million people become newly infected each year. HPV is so common that at least 50% of sexually active men and women get it at some point in their lives.

Genital warts. About 1% of sexually active adults in the U.S. have genital warts at any one time.

Cervical cancer. Each year, about 12,000 women get cervical cancer in the U.S.

Other cancers that can be caused by HPV are less common than cervical cancer. Each year in the U.S., there are about:

1. 3,700 women who get vulvar cancer
2. 1,000 women who get vaginal cancer
3. 1,000 men who get penile cancer
4. 2,700 women and 1,700 men who get anal cancer
5. 2,300 women and 9,000 men who get head and neck cancers.

[Note: although HPV is associated with some of head and neck cancers, most of these cancers are related to smoking and heavy drinking.]

Certain populations are at higher risk for some HPV-related health problems. This includes gay and bisexual men, and people with weak immune systems (including those who have HIV/AIDS).

RRP is very rare. It is estimated that less than 2,000 children get RRP every year in the U.S.

How can people prevent HPV?

There are several ways that people can lower their chances of getting HPV:

> Vaccines can protect males and females against some of the most common types of HPV. These vaccines are given in three shots. It is important to get all three doses to get the best protection. The vaccines are most effective when given before a person's first sexual contact, when he or she could be exposed to HPV.

• Girls and women: Two vaccines (Cervarix and Gardasil) are available to protect females against the types of HPV that cause most cervical cancers. One of these vaccines (Gardasil) also protects against most genital warts. Both vaccines are recommended for 11 and 12 year-old girls, and for females 13 through 26 years of age, who did not get any or all of the shots when they were younger. These vaccines can also be given to girls as young as 9 years of age. It is recommended that females get the same vaccine brand for all three doses, whenever possible.
• Boys and men: One available vaccine (Gardasil) protects males against most genital warts. This vaccine is available for boys and men, 9 through 26 years of age.

For those who choose to be sexually active, condoms may lower the risk of HPV. To be most effective, they should be used with every sex act, from start to finish. Condoms may also lower the risk of developing HPV-related diseases, such as genital warts and cervical cancer. But HPV can infect areas that are not covered by a condom - so condoms may not fully protect against HPV.

People can also lower their chances of getting HPV by being in a faithful relationship with one partner; limiting their number of sex partners; and choosing a partner who has had no or few prior sex partners. But even people with only one lifetime sex partner can get HPV. And it may not be possible to determine if a partner who has been sexually active in the past is currently infected. That's why the only sure way to prevent HPV is to avoid all sexual activity.

How can people prevent HPV-related diseases?

There are ways to prevent the possible health effects of HPV, including the two most common problems: genital warts and cervical cancer.

1. Preventing genital warts: A vaccine (Gardasil) is available to protect against most genital warts in males and females (see above).
2. Preventing Cervical Cancer: There are two vaccines (Cervarix and Gardasil) that can protect women against most cervical cancers (see above). Cervical cancer can also be prevented with routine cervical cancer screening and follow-up of abnormal results. The Pap test can find abnormal cells on the cervix so that they can be removed before cancer develops. An HPV DNA test, which can find HPV on a woman's cervix, may also be used with a Pap test in certain cases. Even women who got the vaccine when they were younger need regular cervical cancer screening because the vaccine does not protect against all cervical cancers.
3. Preventing Anal and Penile Cancers: There is no approved screening test to find early signs of penile or anal cancer. Some experts recommend yearly anal Pap tests to screen for anal cancer in gay and bisexual men and in HIV-positive persons. This is because anal cancer is more common in those populations. These tests are not routinely recommended for anal cancer screening because more information is still needed to find out if they are effective.
4. Preventing Head and Neck Cancers: There is no approved test to find early signs of head and neck cancer, but tests are available by specialized doctors for persons with possible symptoms of these cancers. [see www.cancer.org]
5. Preventing RRP: Cesarean delivery is not recommended for women with genital warts to prevent RRP in their babies. This is because it is not clear that cesarean delivery prevents RRP in infants and children.

Is there a test for HPV?

The HPV tests on the market are only used to help screen for cervical cancer. There is no general test for men or women to check one’s overall “HPV status,” nor is there an HPV test to find HPV on the genitals or in the mouth or throat. But HPV usually goes away on its own, without causing health problems. So an HPV infection that is found today will most likely not be there a year or two from now.

Is there a treatment for HPV or related diseases?

There is no treatment for the virus itself, but there are treatments for the diseases that HPV can cause:

Visible genital warts can be removed by the patient him or herself with medications. They can also be treated by a health care provider. Some people choose not to treat warts, but to see if they disappear on their own. No one treatment is better than another.

Cervical cancer is most treatable when it is diagnosed and treated early. But women who get routine Pap tests and follow up as needed can identify problems before cancer develops. Prevention is always better than treatment. Other HPV-related cancers are also more treatable when diagnosed and treated early.

RRP can be treated with surgery or medicines. It can sometimes take many treatments or surgeries over a period of years.

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Mengenal Kanker Serviks

Tahukah Anda bahwa setiap satu jam, seorang wanita di Indonesia meninggal karena kanker serviks? Dan setiap dua menit di seluruh dunia ada satu orang wanita meninggal karena kanker tersebut? Kanker serviks adalah salah satu kanker paling mematikan dan paling tinggi prevalensinya di dunia.

Apakah Kanker Serviks?

Kanker serviks adalah pertumbuhan sel yang tidak normal pada daerah mulut rahim atau leher rahim. Serviks adalah bagian bawah dari uterus atau rahim, di atas saluran vagina. Kanker serviks tumbuh ketika sel-sel yang abnormal di saluran serviks berkembang biak di luar kontrol dan membentuk lesi prakanker. Bila berlanjut, lesi tersebut berubah menjadi tumor dan menyebar ke jaringan sekitarnya, bahkan hingga ke dinding panggul. Perubahan menjadi sel kanker ini memakan waktu antara 10 hingga 15 tahun.

Apa Penyebab Kanker Mulut Rahim?

Kanker mulut rahim disebabkan oleh inveksi human papillomavirus (HPV), jenis virus yang bersifat onkogenik (penyebab kanker). HPV tipe 16, 18, 31, 45, dan 52 diketahui secara kolektif menjadi penyebab lebih dari 80 persen kasus kanker serviks. Meskipun penggunaan pil kontrasepsi, merokok, kelemahan sistem imun dan kehadiran infeksi lain dapat meningkatkan risiko kanker tersebut, seorang wanita harus terinfeksi salah satu jenis virus HPV di atas untuk mengidap kanker.

Gejala Kanker Serviks

Karena infeksi HPV tidak menimbulkan gejala atau tanda-tanda, Anda kemungkinan besar tidak tahu bila terkena. Kebanyakan wanita terdiagnosis mengidap HPV melalui skrining Pap smear dan IVA (Inspeksi Visual Asetat). Skrining Pap smear dan IVA adalah pemeriksaan ginekologi yang ditujukan mendeteksi pertumbuhan abnormal sel di serviks sebelum tumbuh menjadi kanker. Bila HPV terdeteksi secara dini, maka peluang pencegahan kanker cukup besar. Itulah mengapa Anda perlu melakukan skrining secara berkala.

Pada stadium lanjut, kanker serviks dapat menimbulkan gejala sebagai berikut:

1. pendarahan pada vagina saat hubungan intim. Pada stadium lanjut, pendarahan bisa muncul tanpa hubungan intim.
2. keputihan yang bercampur darah dan berbau. Keputihan tidak menghilang dengan pengobatan baik yang diminum maupun yang dioleskan di liang kemaluan.
3. nyeri panggul dan sulit/tidak bisa buang air.

Siapa yang Berisiko Terkena Kanker Serviks?

HPV sangat menular. Diperkirakan banyak orang terinfeksi HPV dalam tahun-tahun pertama setelah aktif secara seksual. Penularan HPV banyak terjadi melalui hubungan seksual, tetapi virus tersebut juga dapat menular melalui aktivitas non-seksual. Sekitar 80 persen wanita pernah terinfeksi HPV selama hidupnya, namun hanya sekitar 50 persen mengidap HPV risiko tinggi yang dapat menimbulkan kanker.

Pencegahan Kanker Mulut Rahim

Kanker serviks dapat dicegah dengan pemberian vaksinasi, terutama vaksin HPV tipe 16 dan 18 yang menjadi penyebab lebih dari 70 persen kanker tersebut. Karena HPV menular secara seksual, sangat disarankan vaksinasi HPV pada usia 9-12 tahun sebelum wanita aktif secara seksual. Dalam pengujian di seluruh dunia terhadap 1100 wanita usia 9 hingga 15 tahun, 99 persen membentuk antibodi HPV setelah vaksinasi. Karena kebanyakan wanita hanya mengidap satu jenis HPV, vaksin HPV juga dapat bermanfaat bagi wanita usia yang lebih dewasa. Vaksinasi tidak bermanfaat mencegah infeksi tipe HPV yang sudah diidap, tetapi melindungi Anda terhadap jenis yang lain.

Vaksinasi HPV diberikan dalam tiga dosis, di bulan pertama, bulan kedua berikutnya dan bulan keenam dari pemberian kedua. Saat ini biayanya masih di atas Rp 3,5 juta untuk keseluruhan dosis.

sumber : http://majalahkesehatan.com

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